我國交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行政(zheng)執法從2002年(nian)開始試點，歷時18載，迄今已得到全面(mian)推行。回顧歷史，總結經驗，展望(wang)未來(lai)，將有(you)助(zhu)于交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行政(zheng)執法更(geng)(geng)快更(geng)(geng)好(hao)的走向嚴格(ge)、規范、公正、文明(ming)。
交通(tong)運輸(shu)綜(zong)合行政執法作為現(xian)階(jie)段交通(tong)運輸(shu)管理工作過(guo)程中極(ji)(ji)為重要的(de)組成部分，其(qi)在保 證(zheng)交通(tong)運輸(shu)從業(ye)人(ren)員及人(ren)民群眾切(qie)身(shen)利益方面發(fa)揮(hui)著非常(chang)積極(ji)(ji)的(de)作用。
交(jiao)通運輸綜合行政執法改革大體可以劃分為三個階段。
先行(xing)先試階段
《國務院(yuan)辦(ban)(ban)(ban)公廳轉發中央(yang)編辦(ban)(ban)(ban)關于清(qing)(qing)理(li)整(zheng)(zheng)頓行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)隊伍實行綜(zong)(zong)合行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)試點(dian)(dian)工作意見(jian)的(de)通(tong)知》（國辦(ban)(ban)(ban)發〔2002〕56號(hao)）是最早提出交(jiao)通(tong)運輸(shu)綜(zong)(zong)合行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)的(de)規(gui)范性文件。依據該文件，中央(yang)編辦(ban)(ban)(ban)決定(ding)在廣(guang)東省、重(zhong)慶(qing)市開展清(qing)(qing)理(li)整(zheng)(zheng)頓行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)隊伍、實行綜(zong)(zong)合行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)試點(dian)(dian)工作，其他(ta)省、自(zi)治區(qu)、直轄市各選擇1至2個(ge)具(ju)備條件的(de)市（地）、縣（市）進(jin)行試點(dian)(dian)。改革的(de)主要內容包括：一是調整(zheng)(zheng)合并(bing)行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)機(ji)構，交(jiao)通(tong)運輸(shu)管理(li)實行綜(zong)(zong)合行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)，一個(ge)政(zheng)府(fu)部(bu)門下設的(de)多(duo)個(ge)行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)機(ji)構，原則上歸并(bing)為一個(ge)機(ji)構。按有關規(gui)定(ding)，經(jing)批準成立的(de)綜(zong)(zong)合行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)機(ji)構，具(ju)有行政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)主體資格。
二是進(jin)一步(bu)轉變政(zheng)府(fu)部門職能(neng)，實現“兩個相對(dui)(dui)分(fen)開(kai)”，改(gai)變政(zheng)府(fu)部門既管審(shen)批(pi)又管監(jian)督(du)的(de)體(ti)制，將(jiang)制定政(zheng)策、審(shen)查審(shen)批(pi)等職能(neng)與(yu)(yu)監(jian)督(du)檢(jian)查、實施(shi)處(chu)罰等職能(neng)相對(dui)(dui)分(fen)開(kai)。改(gai)變行(xing)政(zheng)執法機構(gou)(gou)既管查處(chu)又管檢(jian)驗的(de)體(ti)制，將(jiang)監(jian)督(du)處(chu)罰職能(neng)與(yu)(yu)技術(shu)(shu)檢(jian)驗職能(neng)相對(dui)(dui)分(fen)開(kai)。同時，將(jiang)承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)技術(shu)(shu)檢(jian)測、檢(jian)驗、檢(jian)疫職能(neng)的(de)單位逐步(bu)與(yu)(yu)政(zheng)府(fu)部門脫鉤，不(bu)再承(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)行(xing)政(zheng)執法任務(wu)(wu)，其職責轉變為面向(xiang)全社會(hui)，依(yi)法獨立(li)地為政(zheng)府(fu)部門、行(xing)政(zheng)執法機構(gou)(gou)和企事業(ye)單位提供客觀公正的(de)技術(shu)(shu)檢(jian)測、檢(jian)驗、檢(jian)疫服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。
三是要(yao)改(gai)變多層執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)狀況，按區(qu)域(yu)(yu)設(she)置執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機構(gou)并實行(xing)屬(shu)地管(guan)理(li)。行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機構(gou)主要(yao)在(zai)城市(shi)和(he)區(qu)、縣設(she)置。省(sheng)、自治區(qu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府各部(bu)門不(bu)再單獨設(she)置行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機構(gou)；設(she)區(qu)的(de)市(shi)設(she)置行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)機構(gou)，可根據當(dang)地的(de)具體情(qing)況和(he)不(bu)同行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)領(ling)域(yu)(yu)，適當(dang)選擇以市(shi)為(wei)主或以區(qu)為(wei)主的(de)模式。據此(ci)，重慶市(shi)、廣東(dong)省(sheng)陸續開展了交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)革。2014年《交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)部(bu)關(guan)于印發(fa)全面深(shen)化(hua)交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)改(gai)革試點(dian)(dian)方案的(de)通(tong)知》（交(jiao)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)研〔2014〕234號）批準河南省(sheng)、福建省(sheng)、廣西桂林市(shi)開展交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)革試點(dian)(dian)。“兩省(sheng)一市(shi)”的(de)交(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)革方案由當(dang)地編辦等部(bu)門制定。
擴(kuo)大試點階段
2015年《中央編辦關于開展綜合行政執法體制改革試點工作的建議》（中央編辦發〔2015〕15號）要求在22個省、自治區、直轄市的138個城市開展交通運輸綜合行政執法改革試點。改革的主要內容：一是探索行政執法職能和機構改革整合的有效方式；二是探索理順綜合行政執法機構與政府職能部門的關系；三是創新執法方式和管理機制；四是加強執法隊伍建設。這次改革的覆蓋范圍更廣。
全(quan)面(mian)推廣(guang)階段
2017年《中央編辦交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)部關(guan)(guan)于地方(fang)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)承(cheng)擔(dan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)職能(neng)事業(ye)單(dan)位(wei)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)試(shi)點有(you)關(guan)(guan)問(wen)題的意(yi)見》（中央編辦發(fa)(fa)〔2017〕193號）印(yin)發(fa)(fa)，要求(qiu)廣東省、江蘇省、安徽省、寧(ning)夏回族(zu)自治區開展交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)承(cheng)擔(dan)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)職能(neng)的事業(ye)單(dan)位(wei)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)。改(gai)(gai)革(ge)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)之一(yi)是要求(qiu)開展交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)。2018年《關(guan)(guan)于深(shen)化交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)的指導意(yi)見》（中辦發(fa)(fa)〔2018〕63號）印(yin)發(fa)(fa)，要求(qiu)實施交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)改(gai)(gai)革(ge)。主(zhu)要內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)包括十(shi)個方(fang)面：全面梳理(li)(li)、規(gui)范和(he)精簡執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)事項(xiang)；整合(he)(he)職責和(he)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)伍(wu)；明確(que)層(ceng)級職責；下移(yi)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)重心(xin)；加強執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)保障(zhang)；嚴格(ge)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)伍(wu)管(guan)理(li)(li)；規(gui)范執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)為；健全協(xie)作機制(zhi)；強化作風建設；加強黨建工作。其(qi)中，核(he)心(xin)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容(rong)是將交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)系統內(nei)(nei)(nei)公路路政(zheng)(zheng)、道路運(yun)(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)、水路運(yun)(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)、航道行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)、港口行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)、地方(fang)海事行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)、工程質量監督管(guan)理(li)(li)等(deng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)門類的行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)處(chu)罰，以(yi)及與行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)處(chu)罰相關(guan)(guan)的行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)檢(jian)查(cha)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)強制(zhi)等(deng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)職能(neng)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)整合(he)(he)，組建交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)隊(dui)(dui)(dui)伍(wu)，以(yi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)部門名義實行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)統一(yi)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)。
總結(jie)歷(li)史，交(jiao)通(tong)運輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)執法改革試點歷(li)時長、范圍廣，為(wei)最終改革方案(an)的制定積累了很多經驗(yan)教訓(xun)。
交(jiao)通(tong)綜合行政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)是對現行交(jiao)通(tong)行政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)體制的(de)改革和創新
交通運輸(shu)綜合行政執(zhi)法(fa)改革(ge)，取得(de)了一些(xie)成效，許多“老大難”問題得(de)以(yi)解決，有的成果甚至是歷史性突(tu)破。
實現(xian)了一(yi)個部門對外(wai)執法(fa)只有一(yi)個名義
改(gai)革之(zhi)前(qian)，在(zai)以交(jiao)通運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)主(zhu)管部(bu)門(men)名(ming)義(yi)(yi)開展的交(jiao)通建設執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法、收(shou)費公路(lu)(lu)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法等(deng)之(zhi)外(wai)，交(jiao)通運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)系(xi)統還存在(zai)公路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、道路(lu)(lu)運(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、水(shui)路(lu)(lu)運(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、航道行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、港口行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、地方海事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、工(gong)程(cheng)質量監督管理7支有獨(du)立(li)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法名(ming)義(yi)(yi)的隊(dui)伍，導致在(zai)一個行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)內行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法主(zhu)體林立(li)，社會形(xing)象不好，執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法效(xiao)能不高，交(jiao)叉執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法嚴重(zhong)。這次改(gai)革將交(jiao)通運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)系(xi)統內公路(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、道路(lu)(lu)運(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、水(shui)路(lu)(lu)運(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、航道行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、港口行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、地方海事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、工(gong)程(cheng)質量監督管理等(deng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法門(men)類(lei)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)整合(he)(he)，組建交(jiao)通運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)綜合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法隊(dui)伍，以交(jiao)通運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)部(bu)門(men)名(ming)義(yi)(yi)實(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)統一執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法，實(shi)現了交(jiao)通運(yun)輸(shu)(shu)主(zhu)管部(bu)門(men)只(zhi)有一個名(ming)義(yi)(yi)對(dui)外(wai)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法。
全(quan)國交通運輸綜合行政執(zhi)法(fa)的職責相(xiang)對統一
改(gai)革之前，公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、水路(lu)(lu)(lu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、航(hang)(hang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、港口(kou)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、地方(fang)海事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、工程質量監督管理(li)(li)(li)(li)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)隊伍(wu)基本屬于(yu)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)、道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)、水路(lu)(lu)(lu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)、航(hang)(hang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)、港口(kou)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)、地方(fang)海事(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)、工程質量監督管理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)組成(cheng)部分，其行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處罰(fa)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)強制(zhi)、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)檢查職(zhi)責與(yu)所屬管理(li)(li)(li)(li)機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)許(xu)可、公(gong)(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)(wu)職(zhi)責長期同在一(yi)個機(ji)(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)內，造成(cheng)公(gong)(gong)眾對行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)許(xu)可和監督檢查是“左手發(fa)證、右(you)手檢查”的(de)(de)質疑，導致行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)與(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)管理(li)(li)(li)(li)不分、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)與(yu)事(shi)業服(fu)務(wu)(wu)不分，公(gong)(gong)眾難以分清哪(na)些(xie)是事(shi)業性的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)(wu)，哪(na)些(xie)是行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)類的(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)共服(fu)務(wu)(wu)。這(zhe)次(ci)改(gai)革將交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)系(xi)統(tong)內公(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)道(dao)(dao)(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、水路(lu)(lu)(lu)運(yun)(yun)(yun)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、航(hang)(hang)道(dao)(dao)(dao)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、港口(kou)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、地方(fang)海事(shi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、工程質量監督管理(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處罰(fa)，以及與(yu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處罰(fa)相關的(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)檢查、行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)強制(zhi)等(deng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)職(zhi)能進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)整合，因(yin)此交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)綜合行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)的(de)(de)對外職(zhi)責主要為這(zhe)三(san)項(xiang)，全(quan)國(guo)(guo)交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)主管部門(men)的(de)(de)對外行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)職(zhi)責有(you)了相對統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)框(kuang)架。國(guo)(guo)家統(tong)一(yi)的(de)(de)《交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)綜合行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)事(shi)項(xiang)指(zhi)導目錄(lu)》正在匯總(zong)，相信(xin)發(fa)布(bu)后全(quan)國(guo)(guo)統(tong)一(yi)交通(tong)運(yun)(yun)(yun)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)執(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)事(shi)項(xiang)可以基本實現。
減少了交通(tong)運輸綜合行(xing)政執法層級(ji)
改革(ge)之(zhi)前，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)層級(ji)(ji)在地(di)(di)方(fang)至少分為省(sheng)、市、縣三級(ji)(ji)，個別地(di)(di)方(fang)通(tong)(tong)(tong)過地(di)(di)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)、地(di)(di)方(fang)政(zheng)府規(gui)(gui)章規(gui)(gui)定了鄉鎮交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)管理機構的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)層級(ji)(ji)。在這(zhe)次改革(ge)中：第一(yi)，部(bu)分省(sheng)、自(zi)治(zhi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)部(bu)門(men)宣布不(bu)設(she)(she)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)隊(dui)伍，并對已設(she)(she)立的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)隊(dui)伍進行(xing)了整合(he)(he)，省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)主要負責監督指(zhi)導、重大案件查處和(he)跨區(qu)(qu)(qu)域執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)織(zhi)協調工作(zuo)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)律法(fa)(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)規(gui)(gui)定省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)承(cheng)擔的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜合(he)(he)行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)職責，由省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)部(bu)門(men)內設(she)(she)機構承(cheng)擔。第二，設(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)市和(he)市轄區(qu)(qu)(qu)原(yuan)則上只保留一(yi)個執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)層級(ji)(ji)，市級(ji)(ji)設(she)(she)置交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜合(he)(he)行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)隊(dui)伍的(de)(de)(de)，區(qu)(qu)(qu)級(ji)(ji)不(bu)再(zai)承(cheng)擔相(xiang)關執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)責任(ren)；區(qu)(qu)(qu)級(ji)(ji)設(she)(she)置交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜合(he)(he)行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)隊(dui)伍的(de)(de)(de)，市級(ji)(ji)主要強化(hua)監督指(zhi)導和(he)組(zu)織(zhi)協調，不(bu)再(zai)設(she)(she)置執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)隊(dui)伍。縣(市、區(qu)(qu)(qu)、旗(qi))一(yi)般實行(xing)“局(ju)隊(dui)合(he)(he)一(yi)”體制。因此交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)行(xing)業在設(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)市和(he)區(qu)(qu)(qu)之(zhi)間減少了一(yi)個行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)層級(ji)(ji)，部(bu)分省(sheng)級(ji)(ji)也(ye)減少了一(yi)個行(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)層級(ji)(ji)。
交通(tong)運輸綜合行政(zheng)執法保障有了國家層級的政(zheng)策依據(ju)
改(gai)革(ge)之(zhi)前(qian)，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)經(jing)費(fei)、服裝和(he)標志、執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)執(zhi)勤用車（船(chuan)(chuan)艇）配(pei)備保(bao)障等，解決渠(qu)道(dao)多數來源于交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸規費(fei)改(gai)革(ge)后(hou)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)移支(zhi)付，保(bao)障依據層級不高、內容不明確。《關于深(shen)化交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)指導意見》（中辦(ban)發〔2018〕63號）直接規定了(le)以下幾方面的(de)(de)保(bao)障：第(di)(di)一(yi)，財政(zheng)(zheng)保(bao)障。要求地方黨委和(he)政(zheng)(zheng)府要根據財政(zheng)(zheng)事權與支(zhi)出責任相(xiang)匹配(pei)的(de)(de)原則，將交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)經(jing)費(fei)納(na)入(ru)同級財政(zheng)(zheng)預算；第(di)(di)二，裝備保(bao)障。有關交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)制式服裝和(he)標志、執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)執(zhi)勤用車(船(chuan)(chuan)艇)配(pei)備，將由中央統一(yi)規定；第(di)(di)三(san)，科技保(bao)障。要求加(jia)快執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)信(xin)息化建設，大(da)力推進(jin)非現場執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)信(xin)息化移動執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)；第(di)(di)四，職業(ye)(ye)保(bao)障。要求加(jia)強執(zhi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)人(ren)員(yuan)職業(ye)(ye)保(bao)障，依法(fa)(fa)(fa)參加(jia)社會保(bao)險、落(luo)實撫恤(xu)等政(zheng)(zheng)策。
在改(gai)革落地的過程中，有關(guan)部門不斷優化人(ren)員配置，將一些專業性強(qiang)的現(xian)代(dai)化人(ren)才吸引(yin)到執(zhi)法(fa)隊伍(wu)當中，同時(shi)做好相應的培訓工作，以此(ci)來建(jian)立一個高素質的執(zhi)法(fa)隊伍(wu)。
誠然，交通運輸綜合行政(zheng)執法改革取得了一些成效，但目前還(huan)存在一些需要繼續完善的問題。
改(gai)革進展速度較慢。目前依然(ran)有許多地方(fang)特別是(shi)縣級尚未出臺(tai)交通(tong)運輸綜合行政執法(fa)改革方(fang)案，有的是(shi)已經出臺(tai)方(fang)案但尚未實施到位。
改革(ge)方案存(cun)在差(cha)異性。由(you)于交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)是地(di)方事(shi)權，且由(you)編制部(bu)(bu)門主導，行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)主管部(bu)(bu)門配合(he)(he)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。因此各地(di)的(de)(de)(de)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)方案(an)在一(yi)(yi)些(xie)領(ling)域出現(xian)了較(jiao)大差異性，例如(ru)按(an)照改(gai)革(ge)(ge)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)策，第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)，有(you)(you)些(xie)省級設置了垂直的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)隊伍，有(you)(you)些(xie)未(wei)設置，這(zhe)兩種方案(an)都是允(yun)許(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)。第(di)(di)(di)二，有(you)(you)些(xie)地(di)方將(jiang)交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)綜(zong)合(he)(he)到地(di)方人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)局，有(you)(you)些(xie)地(di)方則要求將(jiang)交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)職責下(xia)放(fang)至鄉(xiang)鎮人(ren)民(min)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)使，這(zhe)些(xie)改(gai)革(ge)(ge)方案(an)也是允(yun)許(xu)(xu)的(de)(de)(de)。第(di)(di)(di)三，交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)人(ren)員(yuan)身份(fen)，有(you)(you)些(xie)地(di)方是公務員(yuan)，有(you)(you)些(xie)地(di)方是參公，有(you)(you)些(xie)地(di)方是事(shi)業(ye)身份(fen)，這(zhe)是由(you)于改(gai)革(ge)(ge)方案(an)允(yun)許(xu)(xu)編制保持現(xian)狀所致。上述差異的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)，雖(sui)然具(ju)有(you)(you)合(he)(he)規性，但從交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)全局看，出現(xian)了不統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，有(you)(you)些(xie)方案(an)還需要與交(jiao)(jiao)通運(yun)輸的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)常管理進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)磨合(he)(he)。
交通運輸行政執法的(de)協作機制(zhi)尚未(wei)形成(cheng)權(quan)威性、規范性文件。改革之(zhi)(zhi)前，某一個(ge)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執法(fa)門(men)類的(de)(de)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)許(xu)(xu)可、行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)許(xu)(xu)可后(hou)檢查(cha)、行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)處罰、行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)強制(zhi)(zhi)，由一個(ge)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)理機構(gou)行(xing)使，因(yin)此其協(xie)作是一個(ge)機構(gou)的(de)(de)內部(bu)事(shi)務，發生矛盾相對(dui)比較容易處理。改革之(zhi)(zhi)后(hou)，交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執法(fa)雖然以(yi)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)名義對(dui)外執法(fa)，但(dan)允許(xu)(xu)其作為一個(ge)隊伍(wu)存在(zai)，這必然會產生交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)執法(fa)隊伍(wu)與交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸主(zhu)管(guan)(guan)部(bu)門(men)內設機構(gou)、交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸管(guan)(guan)理機構(gou)之(zhi)(zhi)間的(de)(de)職(zhi)責邊界劃分。因(yin)此亟需(xu)建立(li)健(jian)全全國相對(dui)統一且權威的(de)(de)對(dui)內對(dui)外溝通(tong)(tong)協(xie)調(diao)機制(zhi)(zhi)、聯(lian)席會議制(zhi)(zhi)度、案件移(yi)送(song)制(zhi)(zhi)度、聯(lian)動(dong)協(xie)作機制(zhi)(zhi)。
聯合執法具有臨時性(xing)，綜合執法是長效的制(zhi)度性(xing)安排。
目前交通運(yun)(yun)輸綜合行政執(zhi)法(fa)改革方(fang)案已(yi)成為(wei)交通運(yun)(yun)輸行業關注的(de)熱點。而對于社會公眾而言，更關注的(de)是改革后(hou)的(de)“療效”，為(wei)此筆者提出以下三項建議。
明確交通運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政執法(fa)隊伍(wu)的(de)建設目標
關于(yu)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)隊(dui)伍(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設目(mu)(mu)(mu)標，曾有(you)(you)過不同版本的(de)(de)(de)(de)提(ti)法(fa)。經過多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)探討和實踐，《關于(yu)深化交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合(he)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)(de)(de)(de)指導(dao)意見》（中(zhong)(zhong)辦發〔2018〕63號）對此正式予(yu)以(yi)明確，即建(jian)設一(yi)支政(zheng)治(zhi)堅定、素質過硬(ying)、紀(ji)律嚴明、作(zuo)風優(you)良(liang)、廉潔高(gao)效的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合(he)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)隊(dui)伍(wu)。這一(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標，目(mu)(mu)(mu)前尚(shang)未被各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)主管部門予(yu)以(yi)重(zhong)視，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方在改(gai)革(ge)實施中(zhong)(zhong)尚(shang)未將其作(zuo)為交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)執(zhi)法(fa)人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)必修(xiu)知識，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方形式上(shang)已完成改(gai)革(ge)，也有(you)(you)建(jian)設目(mu)(mu)(mu)標，但(dan)沒有(you)(you)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)宣傳，也有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)方改(gai)革(ge)方案中(zhong)(zhong)甚至沒有(you)(you)建(jian)設目(mu)(mu)(mu)標。建(jian)議各(ge)地(di)(di)(di)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)輸(shu)主管部門加以(yi)改(gai)進(jin)，用各(ge)種方式旗幟(zhi)鮮(xian)明地(di)(di)(di)彰顯這一(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)標。
明確嚴格規(gui)范公正文明執(zhi)法(fa)的重點
黨(dang)的(de)(de)(de)十八屆(jie)四中全會《關(guan)于全面推進(jin)依法(fa)(fa)治國若干重(zhong)大(da)問題的(de)(de)(de)決(jue)定》提(ti)出(chu)了(le)“堅(jian)持嚴(yan)格(ge)規(gui)范(fan)公正文明執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，同時(shi)明確(que)了(le)這一要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點，包括完(wan)善執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)程(cheng)序(xu)，建立(li)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)全過(guo)程(cheng)記(ji)錄(lu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度；明確(que)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)處罰(fa)、行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)強(qiang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)檢查等(deng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)行(xing)為具體操作流程(cheng)；嚴(yan)格(ge)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)重(zhong)大(da)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)決(jue)定法(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)審核制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度；建立(li)健全行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)裁量權基準(zhun)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度，細化(hua)、量化(hua)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)裁量標準(zhun)，規(gui)范(fan)裁量范(fan)圍、種類、幅度；加強(qiang)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)信息化(hua)建設(she)和(he)信息共享(xiang)，提(ti)高執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)效率和(he)規(gui)范(fan)化(hua)水(shui)平；全面落實(shi)行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)責(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。上(shang)述重(zhong)點任務不僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)黨(dang)中央的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求，同時(shi)還是(shi)(shi)(shi)交通(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)短板(ban)。如果說在組建交通(tong)運(yun)輸綜合行(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)隊(dui)伍(wu)階(jie)段，涉(she)及執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)人員“人”的(de)(de)(de)去向(xiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)難(nan)題，那么組建后更難(nan)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)按(an)照“嚴(yan)格(ge)規(gui)范(fan)公正文明執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)”的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)求長期堅(jian)持。這需要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“韌功(gong)夫”，需要(yao)配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)隊(dui)伍(wu)管理、規(gui)范(fan)的(de)(de)(de)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)法(fa)(fa)責(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、健全的(de)(de)(de)協(xie)作機制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、強(qiang)硬的(de)(de)(de)作風建設(she)及強(qiang)有力(li)的(de)(de)(de)黨(dang)建工作制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度。
明確“宣誓工(gong)程”“亮劍(jian)工(gong)程”及(ji)“利劍(jian)工(gong)程”
交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)隊(dui)伍(wu)組(zu)(zu)建后(hou)，應當(dang)要求交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)人員舉行(xing)(xing)一些(xie)必要的宣誓活動，宣誓做一名(ming)“政(zheng)(zheng)治堅定、素(su)質過硬、紀律嚴明(ming)、作風優良、廉(lian)潔高(gao)效的交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)人員”，宣誓“忠誠(cheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)黨、忠誠(cheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)國、忠于(yu)(yu)(yu)法(fa)律、忠于(yu)(yu)(yu)事(shi)實，熱愛(ai)人民、熱愛(ai)交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)”。目前(qian)一些(xie)地方(fang)采取的行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)崗位“平移法(fa)”缺乏儀(yi)式感(gan)和震撼力，把這次改(gai)革成果平淡(dan)化(hua)了。此(ci)外，應當(dang)在隊(dui)伍(wu)組(zu)(zu)建后(hou)的初期開(kai)展系(xi)列(lie)“亮劍(jian)行(xing)(xing)動”，用果敢的行(xing)(xing)動展示交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)綜(zong)合(he)(he)行(xing)(xing)政(zheng)(zheng)執(zhi)法(fa)隊(dui)伍(wu)的新形象。特別是應當(dang)在查(cha)處非法(fa)營運(yun)(yun)、超限超載、路域(yu)環境、市(shi)場監(jian)管(guan)、安全生產等重(zhong)點領域(yu)，開(kai)展長效治理的“利劍(jian)行(xing)(xing)動”，保持對交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)運(yun)(yun)輸(shu)違法(fa)行(xing)(xing)為的高(gao)壓(ya)打擊態勢，護航交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)強國的建設。
文/交通運輸部管理干部學院 陳暉 張柱庭